Birmania: storia contemporanea di una rivolta non violenta
La Birmania è dal 1962 che vive nell’incubo della dittatura di Than Shwe, colui che ha deciso di chiamare il paese Myanmar e la capitale Yangon. È dal ’62 che le libertà fondamentali sono negate. Nel silenzio del resto del mondo. L’ultimo sussulto risale al 1988, anno in cui la fondatrice dell’Nld, Aung San Suu Kyi, premio Nobel per la Pace nel 1991, mobilitò il paese per manifestare contro il generale Shwe. Il risultato fu una repressione violenta che ebbe come modello quella cinese (i fatti di piazza Tien an Men risalgono all’anno successivo, il 1989, ma già c’era in corso una repressione), che costò alla leader nonviolenta il carcere. Da allora San Suu Kyi ha vissuto sempre o in prigione o agli arresti domiciliari, con vari pretesti. I leader del movimento studentesco maschile e di quello femminile, Htay Kywe e Ma Nilar Thein, invece, vivono da anni in latitanza. E da tempo, ormai, gli era stata impedita qualunque azione. Poi arriva agosto. Shwe decide che è giunto il tempo di annichilire anche l’ultimo potere rimasto in Birmania: i monaci buddisti. Così le pagode, i templi sacri, vengono occupate da frotte di soldati e i monaci cacciati nelle loro regioni d’origine. Ma i monaci non possono accettare la cancellazione persino della spiritualità, non possono rinunciare alla loro missione. Ecco che allora scendono in piazza assieme ai militanti dell’Nld, che non hanno mai smesso di protestare. Al posto delle armi imbracciano le loro convinzioni, i loro canti e la loro aura sacra. Fino al 5 settembre queste manifestazioni sono state sporadiche e poco numerose. Ma l’interesse per le sorti dei monaci ha creato attesa e i fari dei media internazionali hanno iniziato a illuminare la piazza birmana. Il 5 settembre 2007 il movimento di protesta ha improvvisamente aumentato i consensi perché alcune emittenti radiofoniche straniere hanno dato la falsa notizia dell’uccisione di alcuni monaci che manifestavano a Pakokku. E i monaci sono ancora inviolabili per la gente comune. Enrico Piovesana, di PeaceReporter, è uno dei giornalisti italiani che da più tempo si occupa della questione birmana. Ha tentato di venire in contatto con i militanti di Nld o del movimento studentesco, capire chi sono, come si muovono, cosa credono. U Than Wen e Ko Wing sono compagni di università e di militanza. “I militari non sembrano uomini, sono degli animali non hanno rispetto nemmeno per la religione! Vengono arruolati nelle zone più povere del paese: disperati attratti dalla paga di 10 dollari al mese e dal vitto e alloggio gratis; ignoranti che vengono indottrinati all’obbedienza incondizionata: se gli ordinano di sparare, sparano.”dice U Than Wen. I due sono consapevoli che le forze dei monaci sono allo stremo. L’alto numero di arresti li ha messi fuori gioco, l’attenzione delle forze di repressione è focalizzata su di loro. “E anche dopo la loro liberazione, è evidente la loro impossibilità d’azione. Adesso tocca a noi studenti e militanti dell’Nld. “I fucili non ci fanno paura”, gridano. Infatti i fucili distruggono la realtà, non la cambiano. È chiaro, però, che ogni iniziativa diplomatica internazionale sia inibita dalla Cina, che ha reso il Myanmar uno stato vassallo già nei‘60, ma è altrettanto evidente che gli interessi europei in quell’area esistono. Economici, soprattutto.
E ora? Come è la situazione alla metà di ottobre in Birmania? Le televisioni nazionali hanno già ricominciato a tacere a riguardo, come se la situazione si fosse risolta, i giornali ci dedicano sempre meno spazio. Eppure impera ancora il caos e le risposte contraddittorie che provengono sia dal regime di Than Shwe che dalla comunità internazionale, rendono lo scenario ancora più complesso. A farsi carico di tenere alta la soglia di attenzione, è stata soprattutto l’associazione Hrw, Human Rights Watch, che il giorno 11 ottobre 2007 ha diffuso la notizia dei paesi che continuano a fornire le armi al regime: sono India, Cina, Russia, Israele, Corea del Nord e del Sud. La campagna di boicottaggio internazionale lanciata a settembre, però, qualche esito positivo l’ha avuto, come per esempio la sospensione dei voli della Myanmar Airways International (Mia), la compagnia aerea di bandiera, che si è vista sottrarre la copertura assicurativa dalla compagnia britannica London Market Aviation Insurer. L’Onu tentenna ancora, non tanto per quanto concerne la denuncia della gravità della situazione in Birmania, quanto su quali siano i tempi e le modalità d’azione. La visita di Gambari, finora, ha prodotto poco ho nulla. E il regime di certo non aspetta i tempi della burocrazia occidentale: è stata organizzata una manifestazione a supporto di Than Shwe il 13 ottobre, stessa data cui risale l’arresto dell’attivista, leader del movimento studentesco Htay Kywe. Come se non bastasse il regime ha anche impedito che la Croce Rossa Internazionale potesse avere colloqui con i detenuti delle carceri e non ha smesso di perquisire i monasteri buddisti. Nonostante la Birmania sia il paese più ricco di riso dell’intera area, la malnutrizione è una piaga che colpisce 5 milioni di abitanti e vede un terzo dei bambini pericolosamente sottopeso. In data 20 ottobre 2007 la giunta sembra però aver dato qualche opportunità in più a San Suu Kyi, sotto la costante pressione in particolare del governo Usa. Sembra di rivivere gli anni della guerra fredda: a est Cina, Russia, Iran, India e a ovest Usa, UE. Peccato che in tutto questo l’Onu stia dimostrando la sua palese inefficacia e gli Usa non riescano più nel compito che da sempre si sono autoaffidati: quello di poliziotti globali.
Lorenzo Bagnoli
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